Three Cups of Tea: Story of Courage, Empathy, and the Will to Make a Change

Three Cups of after(prenominal)noon tea presents a remark fitted humbug of courage, empathy and nearly valuablely the will to service show up and make a flip. It ac spangledges us finished the journey of a lifetime that Greg Mortenson experienced while embarking through Pakistan and Afghanistan. His incredible face and motivation easeed change the lives of thousands of Pakistani citizens, but mostly those women and children. He accomplished this through make 141 naturalises crossways Pakistan, as in his mind an education is the most important amour a person stooge receive. Mortenson put each his own needs and essentials behind himself in order to fulfill those of others.The roadway to in on the unharmed his success was not an easy single though. He had to switch m most(prenominal) barriers in his final goal of educating a developing orb wish that of Pakistan. The author believes that the barriers to educating the poor atomic number 18 social issues, fina ncial issues and heathenish differences, this paper will prove that to be correct as I will highlight some of the major reddents and difficultys he had to construct though on his pathway to success. The Will to Make a Change In our land of nowadays umpteen mickle want to help stick to to the fore those in need and veritablely make a difference in advance they leave this world.Its genuinely nice to say that, and many commonwealth do but besides a select few in reality take action and do it. In my opinion a sell of mess good dont k forthwith how to shake started. How can they, just peerless person, start some topic boastful adequacy to impact the lives of so many nation? So to stick about some insight lets go back to the very start of Greg Mortensons journey to improving the world in his own way. Mortenson came from a family that loved to travel and also had a great passion for helping others. His up bring was what really helped shape his character and person ality. He was born in America, but when he was very early his family moved to Tanzania, Africa.His father, a extensive with others helped to launch a teaching medical nitty-gritty in Kilimanjaro, and his mother helped to build a school in Moshi. His levys great acts to help disclose others really influenced the way he looked at the world. Mortenson was a very active and adventurous person and had a passion for mountaineering. In 1993 he mean out a travel to climb the worlds second high peak, K2 in Kenya, along with 4 others. He planned this t sever as a register to his sister who he had lost a few courses earlier. later sp wipeouting 70 days on the mountain they had to make a dramatic 72 hour life saving rescue for one of the other climbers.This took a lot out of Mortenson, physically and mentally which pr as yetted him from reservation it to the top. So he began his descent, but took a wrong turn along the way, getting lost from the group. He ended up in a small and very poor vil followe called Korphe. He was suffering from fatigue, dehydration, elevated railway sickness and vertigo. The village spate took him in and did everything they could to care for him and ensure his surface being. As he recovered he was blown away at their amazing hospitality and loving nature towards him. The village had no school and the kids tried to learn by writing in the dirt with sticks.Mortenson was floor that these people had no resources to learn and improve their quality of life, a thing that so many people take for granted back in America. magic spell he regained strength he valued to help out those who had so greatly helped him recover. Mortenson had lots of medical homework and so he used what little supplies he had to treat as many people as he could. He left the village deviation anything that could be helpful to these people such as pens, flashlights, small containers and even any clothes he wasnt wearing. in the lead he de vocalizationed to glide b y menage he made a promise, one that would forever change his life.He promised the Balti people of Korphe that he would build them a school. In his eyeball education is the biggest part in being able to be roaring. pedagogy is the stepping stone to improving your quality of life and being able to attain. While doing research for the orbit comparison assignment I noticed that the develop countries such as Canada, who had very high education rates for some(prenominal) genders, had less high percentages in categories such as infant mortality, population, pauperism level and literacy rate. I intend that a big link amidst these things is educating women.Women are just as capable in any spot as men, they just need the same resources. So he to carry these people the same opportunities that everyone was getting back in America. So get through he set home, with inspiration in his mind and hope in his heart. His main goal was to educate and empower women. I commemorate that th is is so important because throughout this course we view as learned many reasons w presentfore educating women is so crucial for solving many of the worlds big issues. For example we learned that educating women can be a big factor in reducing the difficulty of overpopulation.There hold back been studies shown that if women in terce world countries are educated they are less likely to arrive as many children and they will be more successful in the long run. Mortenson wanted to offend them a chance to learn and prosper in such a male dominated part of the world. Upon arriving home to California, Mortenson was brought to reality where he really realised what he had done. While on the plane home he tangle empowered and ready for such a challenge but back in America he felt stuck. This is usually the part that most people get to. They occupy some inspiration and great ideas to help but they dont know how to take action.Or they realise how more work and specie will be involve d in the process of making a change. All that he owned to his name was a small stock locker with some possessions in it. He looked round at meet business people walking down the streets, only concerned with when their contiguous Starbucks break would be. He was going through last shock, jet lag and just plain confusion. How can these people think their problems are so important when people halfway across the world are seek just to get a basic education? Mortenson suddenly felt lost in his previous home. He didnt fit in with these people.He wanted to be back in Afghanistan with, what was in his eyes, his real family. So to get at that place he had to tackle one of his biggest obstacles, funds. He knew that he could get a job at the local hospital, as he had healthcare degrees from university, but he knew that this would not be enough. originally he had left he roughly estimated how much it the whole thing would cost. His estimate came to about $12,000. How on earth was he su pposed to come up with this money? So Mortenson came up with an idea, he would get sponsors. So first-year he needed to get his message out and get eople aware and interested. Being not very technologically advanced, even in the year 1993, he rented a typewriter to write out earn to some(prenominal)(prenominal) famous people explaining his situation and asking for any donations. The only problem with typewriters is that if you make any mistakes you have to start over. afterward 5 hours of work he had only completed 4 successful letters. Since the letters would take him a lot longer that he had predicted he was saving in every aspect that he could. He lived out of his car and worked as many shifts as he could as a registered nurse at the local hospital ER.Whenever he wasnt working he disruptiveidiously typed out more letters and mailed them off to every important person he could think of. One day one of his problems was dramatically solved though, as he was introduced to a com puter for the first time. He got a tutorial from a friend and was now was able to issue out as many letters as he could think of people to send them to. late things were looking up for him. His first donation came from students from his moms class who had organised a penny fundraiser, bringing in $623. 45. Out of all 580 letters he had sent out he only got one reply, along with a cheque for $ one C and a wish good luck.Although he had received a duad donations, Mortenson felt like he was making little to no progress. new(prenominal) famous climbers had foundations that had people knocking on their doors to give them thousands of dollars. Things also got grating as his current girlfriend was getting annoyed at all the nights spent in the car and the tightness of cash. His situation dramatically changed one day as a friend of his suggested he visit a man named Dr. Jean Hoerni, a successful physicist who had made quite the component in his work. Hoerni was a no nonsense man, who greatly intimidated Mortenson.After a short phone call with Hoerni, Mortenson walked away $12,000 richer towards his school. So he sell the rest of his possessions to get extra cash for any miscalculations or emergencies. in conclusion he painfully drove his car to the dealership and sold his home for the past year to buy a plane ticket. So cold he had completed phase one of his plan, raising enough funds. So as he boarded the plane he embarked on a journey that would forever change the course of his life. Never an Easy travel plan Greg arrived back in Afghanistan, fully determined and ready to start twist his school.He had exactly $12,800 dollars, $12,000 for the school and $800 to get him through while building the school. He was on a strict budget, every rupee counted and anything wasted, in his mind, was just taking away books or pencils that he could buy for the students. Greg had some friends to help him was ready to jump right into it, but the way people operate there is much more relaxed than the fast paced American auberge. So after a couple days he was eventually able to get started and gather materials. Mortenson wanted only the best materials for his school he didnt want it to crumble to the ground after a long hard winter.Although this became the first of many problems for him, this one being more of a social issue more than anything. People who be bought from didnt know him or what he was doing. They just looked at him by his appearance, an American. To them he came from far away and did not know their culture and ways of life. So they could rip him off. Charge him high prices for cheaply made materials. Another problem with this part of the world is that everyone wants their share. If youre paying me to transport the wood for you I get to bear on some. This frustrated Mortenson as he had worked so hard and was on a very tight budget.He needed to remind himself though that this way just the way their world worked. Mortenson really wanted t o yoke with these people and was eager to learn about their culture and religious beliefs. organized religion plays a huge role in the everyday lives of Muslims. They have several prayer times throughout the day where the whole city stops, no matter where they are, to pray. Mortenson knew this could be a touchy subject, but he finally asked one of his friends to show him how to pray. He struggled through it, not fully intelligence the process but hoped to improve and really immerse into their culture.He wanted to be assessed and wanted to be able to understand these people. Finally about a week after arriving, Mortenson was finally ready with all his materials to make the 3 day trek to the small, isolated village of Korphe to build his school. After purchasing all his materials his financial situation was even pass up than he had expected, which posed as a possible big problem, leaving small room for error. The journey to Korphe was in itself a whole story. Upon arriving in Korp he he was very kindly greeted by hundreds of village people. They were surprised further happy to see him.Many climbers come through their villages and make promises to them that seldom get fulfilled. Here out front them was Greg, who was ready to build them a school, to give them the gift of education. As he discussed plans with the village leaders, he was presented with what would be the biggest problem to date. They wanted the school to be built inside the village of Korphe. Mortenson had planned for it to be built just outside the village as the only way into the village was across a small rickety cylinder block system that went over a large ravine with the Braldu River running through it at the bottom.The village leaders thought it would be most beneficial for them to be able to be tie ined with the outside world if they were to build a link, and that way they would also be able to transport all the materials across the bridge into the village. This would cause Mortenson a lot more work and a lot more funding. He also agreed that it would be a good idea to connect them with the outside world a subroutine more though, as they were very isolated. Almost a full year later Mortenson had finally succeeded in building a school, and a bridge for the village of Korphe. He felt amazing.He really knew how much this would help their people and how much it would impact their lives. Mortenson didnt want to stop here though. So with the financial help of his close friend Jean Hoerni he was able to start a foundation called Central Asia Institute or CAI. Hoerni gave him a large donation to start off, but that wouldnt nett forever. So whenever Mortenson was back in America he would travel around to give presentations in hopes of getting some donations. This was another barrier for him, as it was difficult to get people interested and he has quite the business organization of public speaking.Sometimes he would be in a locus with 500 chairs set up and he would be p resenting to only 3 people. It became even more difficult to get people interested after 9/11 happened. No one wanted to help him. Everyone questioned wherefore he wanted to help these people. Mortenson received hate letters and even conclusion threats constantly. This greatly frustrated him as they didnt know the one-on-one hardworking and kind people that he knew. They were judging a whole population off one radical group. It was unfair to these people who did cypher wrong. He lost a lot of the support that he antecedently had from his own country.This was a huge social issue for him as now his own people didnt understand what he was doing. Even today in 2013, 12 years after the 9/11 attacks people still judge Islamic people and look down upon them. I think when most people hear the term terrorist the associate it with an Islamic person, which is primitively racist and unfair towards these people. What Mortenson was able to realize was that at the end of the day, they are ju st the same as us. They want the best for their kids. They want to enjoy life, family and friends. Yes, there are cultural differences but when it comes down to it we are all humans on the same Earth.There are extremist groups in any culture, and it is unjust to blame a whole society of people for a small groups actions. Regardless of this Mortenson was still able to keep going with his projects in Pakistan and was building schools at a very fast rate. People were contacting him from all over wanting him to build schools in their villages. on with building schools he also built community centers for people to go, with resources like sports and libraries. He gave special donations to certain people who contacted him personally who wanted money for further studies.In one particular case he funded a young woman who went on to do a 4 calendar month medical course. With this she was able to return to her village and help out so many people. People there no longer had to worry of death f rom something as small as a cold. The women even said that there is not a single person in the area that believes that women should not be educated. People were starting to realize the importance and great benefits of educating women. She couldnt believe the progress and improvement it had made for her own life and the lives of so many people she was able to save because of it.She wants to pass on her training and education to other women in hope that it can benefit them as well. There were a couple personal stories like this throughout the story which gave a great perspective on the actual effect of Mortensons work and how it really helped. His project to educate the poor was really working, and had successful examples of people that it helped out significantly. In the long run I think that what Mortenson is doing can greatly help out their economy. He has set them on a pathway for a more bright and prosperous forthcoming by giving them so many resources to succeed.Impact for the Future Greg Mortenson had so far successfully built 141 schools across Pakistan. He started as a small organization of one person typing out letters in hopes to get donations and build one school. That has turned into so much more. The impact that he has made is just incredible. Without him so many kids would reverse up with no bright future and living in extreme levels of poverty. He gave them purpose and reason to keep going. His motivation and great military position can serve as an inspiration everyone. He encountered so many barriers, whether it be social, financial, political or religious.Mortenson did so much more than just build schools. He really changed the opinions of so many Pakistani people. Before he came, they had a preconceived idea of Americans. In a country so corrupt like Pakistan the people have little opportunities to learn. well-nigh people, especially in rural areas dont have accession to the internet or incoming media. All their beliefs come from word of mouth, and high powers within their government. The Taliban gave a horrible impression of Americans. They painted a understand of evil people who were someone that they should hate.The people believed them, having no other sources for information. When Mortenson first came in, there were many social and political barriers he had to overcome. He was even captured at one point and held hostage for several days before being released. People saw him and immediately didnt like him. They judged him on the sole fact of what he looked like, an American. After a while, when word got around of what he was doing, this slowly started to change. People got wind of the fact than an American was here, in their own country to help them out. This confused them.Werent Americans bad? Slowly their opinions were changed. The Taliban wasnt building schools for them and educating their people. All they were doing was causing more conflict and filter to their lives. The American was here helping them an d improving their lives. People gained more respect for Americans and less for the corrupt power that was doing nothing for them. He changed the lives of many, changed their impressions and gave people hope. He managed his whole foundation with very little help. He didnt have a secretary for the longest time, and he made all arrangements himself.He has almost single handily created a movement for educating and inspiring people in such a corrupt, developing nation. He is a dependable hero of our century. Conclusion Reading the novel Three Cups of Tea has really given me a better perspective on different types of culture and ways of life. I feel more educated and enlightened on many topics now. I feel as though I have a much better understand on many of the conflicts occurring in the Middle East. It really gave an unbiased view rather than what we hear from the media insouciant. I feel as though I really know some(prenominal) sides of the story now when I hear different stories pub lished in the news.Greg Mortenson was brave to publish his story, but Im glad that he did as it is an incredible one that should be praised. I would even go so far as to say that I think he would be a deserving candidate of a Nobel Peace Prize. passim reading the novel and writing the report I was able to connect it to many stories we read about in class and different discussions that we had. I could compare it to many different social, political, economic and environmental issues that occurred throughout the novel. It was arouse to get an insider view on their ways of life and how they live their daily lives.

Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits

Observing drivers behavior nowadays, one rump conclude that undoubtedly many are said to be deplorable when it comes to driving skills. Now there is more than anecdotal evidence that American drivers are woefully in need of refresher courses in elementary driving skills.The results of the second annual GMAC Insurance National Drivers Test counsel that licensed Americans lack basic driving knowledge and read direful behaviors on the road. The study revealed that one in 11 drivers out of just about 18 million people would fail a state drivers trial run if one were administered to them today. Furthermore, the study shows drivers deliberately disregard pedestrians and treat driving as the new down time, where they catch up on the days activities, diverting their economic aid from the road. (Ripley, 2007)New finding had come up but palliate indicates that drivers still do non have adequate knowledge of basic rules of the road, and they exhibit bad habits behind the wheel. One of the most dangerous behavior for drivers is the occupation for pedestrians. Roughly one out of three drivers usually do not stop for pedestrians even if theyre in a crosswalk or at a yellow light. Another things is that one out of louver drivers do not know that a pedestrian has the right of counseling at a marked or unmarked crosswalk.Another perplexity that has a connection with the latest trends is that some drivers treat driving as a time to catch up on activities that they failed to do in their hectic day. Doing stuffs like cellphone chatting, texting, e-mailing friends, selecting songs on their iPods, putting on solve up, changing clothes and reading.These activities are considered to be distracting and of course dangerous. Most drivers as well drive through yellow lights. Drivers also drive at least(prenominal) 10mph over the speed limit they are always in a hurry and cannot be bothered to slow down.The most common drivers dangerous habits are use of handheld cellula r phones enchantment driving, not respecting pedestrians in crosswalks, drivers do push through driving even though they are drunk, driving under the influence of drugs, in any case degraded driving when raining, not slowing down when passing through humps, not blowing horns when there are people crossing the street, too many unlettered drivers are on the road, drivers are not using hand signals, roll lanes are out of hand, drivers use to cut lines and the speed limits are too low.Its good to break the rule sometimes but one moldiness remember that life should never be put at insecurity so we must remember to drive responsibly.Work CitedRipley, Tom . oeuvre Says American Drivers Suck December 4, 2007 Retrieved from http//www.drivingtoday.com/sweetridz/features/archive/amer_drivers_suck/index.html

Parenting Skills Essay

Explain the dissentent forms of peasant sh protrude out? Include agitate Baby Syndrome in your response. The different forms of babe treat are , visible Abuse , Emotional Abuse , Sexual Abuse , and Neglect. Physical abhorrence is abandon directed toward a fry by a enhance or other heavy(a) phencyclidine hydrochloride. Emotional guy is when a bring offgiver causes the peasant to tonus worthless and rejected . Sexual abuse towards a child may be in a verbal stylus , lead to bodily contact with the child. Finally , Neglect is when the leaven or make outgiver fails to care for their childs basic physical , horny , disciplinary , and/or educational needs.Shaken Baby Syndrome is when an individual shakes a child violently over a period of time leading to the childs hospitalization or worse , death. 2. What types of physical care must a rise provide an infant child? The type of physical care a sustain must provide an infant child is , batheing , napkin changes , and d ress & fed cherisherly . Its Also a MUST to prop the infants head up properly while giving a child its bottle. 3. What are some strategies for supporting a child lie with with tenor? Some of the strategies for helping a child cope with accent are , Encouraging open communication with their child , helping them tone comfortable enough to open up to you about whats bothering them.Helping your child come up with ways to solve their own problems rather and so solve them yourself is also a salient way. Another way to help a child cope with stress is learning what type of situations allot your child in a stressful state, then try avoiding position them in that situation . Also creating a home environment that is immutable abd free of hostility and violence , keeping your own stress to a minimum is also a great way to prevent stress on your child , because chances are you may accidently take your frustration out on your child. Critical Thinking Questions1.What is the difference b etween a preventative environment and a nurturing environment? The difference between a restrictive environment and a nurturing environment is a protective environment is when a child is prtected from violence and abuse . They must feel safe in the home , school , and in the community . Helping the child feel as if they can trust her parents , teachers , and other adults in her community . A nurturing environment is when the parent is activiely attentive to their childs physical and unrestrained needs , being able to trust their family to care for them and to love them.2. How do childrens needs change as they grow through using stages from infancy to teen years? How do special needs children differ? During the infancy years a child impart need you to do absolute everything for them. During toddler years a child may be able to communicate and do task like feeding themselves with a bottle , spoon , and cup . During elementary years a child will be able to take care of most of of their physical needs , Yet still depend on you to impose organise and rountine. Teenagers will almost never need your help taking care of their physically needs. But with a child who has special needs , depending on their disability you may have to care for the child as if theyre a toddler for the rest of their lives.3. List and explain factors a parent can control that lead to a nurturing environment. Include characteristics of nurturing parents. A parent can control whether or not there is abuse & violence in their household , Always being avaliable to their child for physical and frantic needs. Asssuring the child that they will always be their to care for them , reminding the child that theyre loved . Setting time aside for family time is a great way to provide a nurturing environment for your child. A nurturing parent will always treat their child according to their needs , focusing their trouble whenever possible. Building a loving and caring relationship with their child, listening & allowing their child to express themselves.4. List and explain factors that lead to poor relationships and that increase the essay of child abuse. Factors that lead to poor relationships and that increase the risk of child abuse may be , Latchkey children, Marital discord and divorce , Substance abuse , HIV/AIDS , or Death. Latchkey children are left alone without adult supervision which can lead to fear and anxiety . Marital strife and divorce may lead to conflict in the home resulting to gamy level of stress and failure academically and socially . Substance abuse may hinder a parents self-control resulting in a parent who becomes irresponsible and a non-nurturing parents. HIV/AIDS can devastate a family , resulting in a child losing both parents making the child a orphan , It may also cause financial strain on a family . Death can make a child interrogative sentence their safety in a normal day to day stand .5. Why is it critical for a parent to be convolute in th eir childrens education? It is critical for a parent to be involved in their children education . Mainly because kids need motivation , parents want their children to be successful in life. Parents should also be cautious on what they do around their children , because children learn largely by observation. Older Children need to be taught to proactively pursure their academic goals.

Kibera Slum

Kibera Case Study- pic Kibera is a slum divsion in the City of Nairobi, Kenya. It is located 5 kilometres from the city centre. It is the largest slum in Nairobi and the second largest in Africa. A 2009 cosmos and housing accompany reported that Kiberas population as 170,070. It is hard to acccurately compute the population due to the fact that the slum hasnt been officially reconised by the Kenyan government. furthermore because it is a slum, residents may not be able to read or write, so filling in censes are a problem. General Facts- macrocosm 700-900k Distance from Nairobi 7 km Physical size (acres) 630 piece of volume earning 15% Est.AIDS orphans 50,000 Portion of people renting 93% Avg. monthly rent $15USD Avg. styles per dwelling 1. 11 Typical room size 9 x 9 It is a place where the people who live there face innumerable challenges, including the following, to name a few Living in one-room houses made of mud, with tin roofs with about 1m? of space per person . No running water (most water has to be purchased from brokers) Little to no nettle to electricity Widespread unemployment and low wage-earning rates ( $1 a day for the majority) Rampant disease, from malaria to cholera to HIV Lack of ownership of their airscrew Improvements-After a decade or so there has been an affix in efforts to change conditions. The most notable example is KENSUP, or the Kenya slum area Upgrading Project, which is sponsored by UN-HABITAT. Resulting from a 2000 meeting between President Moi and the UN Human Settlements Programme, KENSUP aims to improve physical structures in Kibera and other slums through a process called slum upgrading. The program calls for the temporary relocation of residents of Kibera to adjacent decanting sites, allowing the construction of permanent dwellings to glide by in the Kiberan villages.Work has commenced in the Soweto East village, and as of September 2009, the outgrowth decanting site was under construction. Kiber a needs land/tenancy rights, housing, water, electricity, health clinics, education, employment, security measure plus much more. All these issues are being addressed to a lesser or greater extent by many organizations including the Churches, UN-Habitat, MSF, AMREF and so forth Money is finding its way through from many international organizations including supply Foundation, Bill Clinton Foundation, all the well known charities and of course the churches both in Africa and internationally.

Unemployment Rate – Article Review

THE countrys un role regularise currently stands at 3. 1 per cent compared with the 3. 4 per cent last year, the Dewan Negara heard yesterday. alternate Human Resources Minister Datuk Maznah Mazlan said the governing was salutaryy harnessing its workforce to take the unemployment deem at four per cent and below. This was because according to international standards, this was considered full employment. According to the Statistics Department, the percentage of unemployment last year was 3. 4 per cent or 387,9000 people. Of the total, 65,500 were graduates. In the number 1 quarter of this year, the unemployment percentage dropped to 3. per cent or 381,300. Of the deed 71,600 were graduates, she said responding to Senator Khoo Soo Seang. Maznah said the government had implemented measures to assist fired graduates. These include domiciliateing a short service scheme with government departments, opportunities for apprenticeship and internship, and the 1Malaysia study Scheme. Under the short service scheme, graduates who have not secured antics in sextet months after completing their studies have the opportunity to intern at active government linked companies for a year and receive an allowance of RM1,000 a month.Upon completion, the GLCs bequeath assist in finding permanent positions for them. The programmes are to rise the graduates marketability and provide exposure so that they do not have to hope on the government for employment but potbelly start their ingest businesses, she said. Article about During 2011 the employment set out falling offs from 3. 4% to 3. 1% repayable to the government effort to check up on all the recourse and to maintain the unemployment say low 4%. found on the international standard the unemployment rate of 4% and below considered as full employment.Although the number of people that unemployed are decreasing but the number of unemployed graduates are increasing. ascribable to this situation, the government h ad executed measures to help graduates to get a job. The government offer a short service scheme which give a job opportunity to them besides giving them skills and internship. The allowance are in addition provided under the short service scheme. This go forth help to give the graduates exposure and make headway them to do their own business instead of relying on the government for the job.Analysis. Based on the article, we can conclude that the type of unemployment that we can see is frictional unemployment. This type of the unemployment occurs when people are in between jobs, entering and reentering the working class force. This may happen when fresh graduates are actively seeking for a job. The numbers of unemployed graduates increase by 9. 3% maybe referable to the lack of soft skills and experience that most employers seek. The measure that the government took to control the unemployment is direct control measure, which is providing training and technical education and jo b mental institution in various sectors in an economy.The governments want to encourage the graduates to own a business because when at that propose are more trade and transaction, the government revenue testament increase. This will lead to economic growth and therefore can increase in GDP. The doings of decreasing the unemployment rate The first effect of decreasing unemployment rate is the incomes will increases. This will lead towards to more get power and accelerating the inflation rate. Thus, this will effect to the distribution of income, the savings, production apostrophize and balance of trade.The second effect of unemployment is new businesses will have a hard m succeeding, because everyone is already employed, who is going to work for them? New businesses will have to raise wages to entice people to work there which again raises wages and lowers profits to a point where it makes no experience to even start the business. Great levels of unemployment are around 3- 5%. The pros and cons of decreasing unemployment rate The pro of decreasing unemployment rate is increase of income and self-respect. Secondly, increase the job skills. Thirdly, slump social and political problems.Fourthly, the GNP gap becomes narrower because the GNP gap will almost towards to potential GNP. The contras of decreasing unemployment rate are inflation will occur and the new business will have hard time to survive. The effect of decreasing rate of unemployment towards society The first effect is employment may bring a increase in social outings and interactions with separate people, including friends. Secondly, employment the competition for jobs and the negotiation power of the individual increases and thus also the living standard of people with the salaries packages and income higher.Thirdly, employment also brings up chill out and steadiness amongst the tax paying citizens. For the fresh graduate employees, they will not face burden to settle their loans. Recomm endation or solution The first solution is, government can use progressive tax rate depends on the number of employees and use the current Malaysia Corporate Tax. If we use this method, the follow in Malaysia will hire more employees in order to decrease the corporate tax and lead to the zero unemployment rates.The second solution is government can open up Malaysian mind to new amiable of industry that can make the Earth as better place in the future. For example, this legislation would create an estimated 3 million new jobs by opening closed areas of the Outer Continental Shelf which is between Malaysia and Brunei for rock oil and gas exploration, and streamlining the licensing of nuclear power plants. This also would create royalty revenues for the government that the bill directs to a new trust fund that can publicize renewable energy.

Investigating the Factors Affecting Tensile Strength of Human Hair Essay

possibility on that signify result be a inconsistency in waxy authority in platinum-blond cop and b ar tomentums-breadth of connatural oppressiveness. flaxen blur leave behind use up a toweringer fictile dominance than corrosiveamoor fuzz when at jut come exposeardised thickness. Blonde tomentum cerebri has more mho-sulphur covalent bonds than dour blur. Hair contains the protein keratin, which contains a large harmonize of cysteine with S-S bonds. The disulphide bond is unmatched of the strongest bonds known allwhere in nature. The cross-linking by disulphide linkages between the keratin gyves accounts for much of the pull let come forward out of pig. Blonde pig has more of these bonds thusly fair fuzz entrust throw a gamyer pliant cleverness and elasticity levels.Null guessingThere ordain be no remnant in bendable strength between murky bull and light- whiskers-breadthed blursbreadth of similar thickness. Blonde blur havi ng more sulphide tie go out non cogitate that nordic vibrissa has a higher plastic strength than black sensory fuzzs-breadthsbreadth.Background KnowledgeHair has a very(prenominal) high bendable strength. It backside hold up 60kg of burden out front spoiling. This high strength is due to its coordinate.Hair is made of the fibrous protein keratin. Figure 1 charges keratin molecules be made up of three helices. They are held unneurotic by strong covalent bonds c both(a)ed sulphur bonds. Eleven of these molecules group unneurotic to pee-pee a micro fibril. hence, hundreds of micro fibrils join together to form a single fuzz.Hair is made of cells called epithelial cells which are logical in three storeys. The inner most layer is the medulla, the middle layer is the cortex and the out layer is the cuticle. The medulla is in general soft keratin and the cortex and cuticle are mainly hard keratin. This structure has keen strength. The cuticle, the outermost laye r, is where you find a lot of the protein keratin. The cortex is the thickest middle layer, providing strength and defining burnish of pig. The cortex in addition gives the fuzz its elasticity and flexibility. The medulla, cardinal core, gives hair its strength and breadth.The structure of keratin is maintained by numerous sulphur to sulphur covalent bonds. Keratin contains high concentrations of the amino group venereal infection cysteine.Every Cystine unit contains two cysteine amino cuttings in various chains which be in possession of come to lie near to each(prenominal) other and are linked together by two Sulphur atoms, forming a very strong chemical bond known as a disulphide bridge. more disulphide bonds form down the duration of the keratin chains, joining them together comparable the rungs of a ladder. The disulphide bond is one of the strongest bonds known anywhere in nature. This cross-linking by disulphide linkages between the keratin chains accounts for much of the strength of hair. A adapted tot up of Sulphur Bridge is important in enhancing the elasticity of hair due to the strength of the disulphide bond.Within each hair bonds of a disaccordent kind, called hydrogen bonds also link the keratin chains. There are off the beaten track(predicate) more hydrogen bonds than disulphide linkages. The hydrogen bonds are much weaker than the disulphide linkages and more well crushed, and give hair its flexibility. Hydrogen bonds are broken apart when the hair is wetted, and form again when the hair dries.Hair apply for the investigation must non be damaged in any way, i.e should non be dyed/ moody, permed, uncoiledened, etc. The hair also must not be curly. I will be except tone at course straight hair for this investigation.Permed and dyed hair pass water frightening damage to hair by step-down and breaking disulphide bonds between protein amino acids (which limit the hair strong) and they kind the chemistry of hair by fix t he protein rich internal structure of the fictitious character. In perming, a mild reducing agent is utilise to break the sulphur bonds. The helices are unwound and the hair is styled. A gentle oxidising agent (usually hydrogen peroxide) is treated to the hair to make the sulphur bonds reform. This results in a permanent wave. (Figure 3 shows the breaking and reforming of sulphur-sulphur bridges batch kick upstairs permanent changes in the variant of protein molecules). Permed hair has entirely 90% of the original disulphide bonds, which leaves hair weaker than sooner it was permed.Heat (like from hair straighteners) disrupts the structural bonds (particularly weak Hydrogen bonds) enough to give hairs wounded almost a roller somewhat temporary curly aspect. However, this feat bum be easily abolished by an increase in humidity or contact with water. Longer lasting permanents use chemicals such as thioglycolic acid to disrupt the disulphide bonds.Hairs to be visitationed w ith should not concur their disulphide bonds damaged/broken or our hypothesis will become invalid even onwards the investigation takes place.VariablesTo Control(keep the same)To investigate( bar/changing)Hair MUST NOT beTensile Strength ( multitude apply on hair)co loured/dyedheaviness of hair/colour of hairstraightened (by applying heat)permed (by applying heat)curly (naturally)from the same psycheHair MUST beblack or redheadedstraight (naturally)from the same age groupEquipment2 X Clamp stand to hold everything upright2 X Clamp to hold gem clip/hair and ruler100cm ruler to rhythm how far hair stretches onwards it breaks (tensile strength)2 X paperclip to hold hair and mass10kg flock with holder to put tension on hairSelotape to hold grummet of hair in paperclip15 pieces of black hair to equate15 pieces of sandy hair to compareMicro rhythm to measure hair thicknessMethod1. I will first take vr pieces of hair randomly from six different pack. Three of these population should cod black hair and three should set about blonde hair. My total poesy of hair should be fifteen black and fifteen blonde. Hair samples should be taken from six different lot to make sure that a fair and accurate quiz takes place. For slip if all fifteen black hairs were taken from the same person, it could skilful mean that that person had thicker hair than habitual thickness of black hair. This would make my results invalid. I will take all hairs from the same age group (my age group, 17-18), to erase the age of hair follicle variable when analyze its tensile strength.2. I will place up the micrometer to measure each hair thickness by placing hair beneath lens and measuring its thickness using a shown scale. I will record each thickness in an appropriate table.3. I will place a black hair and a blonde hair of similar thickness side by side. This will be done to compare tensile strength of hairs of similar thickness.4. Equipment will be set up as shown in Figure 5, (be low-down) to start investigation. The hair will be carefully put in. The meter rule should be touching the bottom of the clamp stand with 0cm at the top and 100cm at the bottom. I subscribe to to make sure the hair loafer not slip out of the paperclip from the bottom or the top. Everything must be secure. The length of the loop of hair formed should be similar as with all hairs being tested. The heavinessing should not be added until the rest of the equipment has been set up accurately.5. Once the hair is set up in with the equipment, I will measure how far down the hair is on the meter rule. (Look at Figure 4, for assistance). I will record this reading in a table similar to Table 1.6. A mass of 10kg will be placed on the paperclip at the bottom totally after first measurements nurture been taken.7. I will add the lower classes slow so when the hair breaks I catch a founder view of the length of the hair.8. When I see the hair break I will record its leve l outperform length in my table and the weight in kg applied on hair at that signal, when it reached its maximum elasticity.9. I will repeat this whole process for all the blonde hairs and the black hairs. I will do the hairs of similar thickness after one another. For example a blonde hair of thickness x would be deliberate first than a black hair of thickness x would be measured.There will be six people in my group including me. Each person will test five hairs each.HairB1B1B2B2BBBBno.length bfr W applength bfr breakinglength stretched bfr breakingmax W app bfr breaking(cm)(cm)(cm) 2 minus 1(kg)12statistical stressI will use the t-test because I am faceting for a difference of tensile strength in black and blonde hair. I will be using actual measurements (e.g. weights), and will have a large selective information set (30 pairs of data). I am canvas two sets of data.Investigating the factors change tensile strength of human hairImplementing (Skill B)Modifications* Four diffe rent influence of hair charter to be utilize to increase range of results and to make my terminal more reliable.Ginger, Blonde, abusive and brownedish hairs will be utilize.* 30 strands of hair will be used for each colour. 5 hairs from 6 people for each colour will be taken.* An eyepiece graticule will be used to measure hair thickness. Similar thickness of hairs will be compared.* Girls hair will be used. There are two reasons for thisa) Girls have longer hairb) Hormones whitethorn disturb hair strength. Girls and boys may have different hormones.* There should be a 10cm (100 mm) gap between each paperclip. (Figure 5).* A 10g weight must be used each epoch.* I will need to modify my Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis because instead of comparing just two colours of hair I am now comparing four different colours of hair.HypothesisThere will be a difference in tensile strength between brown, blond, spice upy and black hairs of similar thickness. Blonde hair ( luminance colou red hairs) has more sulphur-sulphur covalent bonds than black hair (dark coloured hairs). Hair contains the protein keratin, which contains a large proportion of cysteine with S-S bonds. The disulphide bond is one of the strongest bonds known anywhere in nature. The cross-linking by disulphide linkages between the keratin chains accounts for much of the strength of hair. lightness coloured hair has more of these bonds on that pointfore lighter coloured hair will have a higher tensile strength and elasticity levels.Null HypothesisThere will be no difference in tensile strength between brown, blonde, ginger and black hair of similar thickness. Lighter coloured hairs having more sulphide bridges will not mean that lighter coloured hairs have a higher tensile strength whence dark coloured hair.* Now that I am not comparing just two sets of data I can no longer do the T-Test. I am comparing four sets of data. My data will be categorical. There is a simple statistical test which minds at the difference between discovered and evaluate protect and relates them to a probability level, thus making it possible to identify how likely it is that the desex are significantly different. This test is called the qi squared test.Precautions to ensure dependability* We are assuming ethnic background does not affect our results. It will not cause a massive variation in our conclusion.* tout ensemble hair samples must be taken from 16-18 year old females.* 6 different samples must be taken for each colour of hair.* scram sure all equipment is set up ensuring the strand of hair is secure to the shown equipment correctly. (Figure 5).* Each hair is tested five whiles, so I am repeating the experiment, to make my results reliable and more accurate.Results(My own (raw data) results will be highlighted in dark red on tables 2, 3, 4 & 5).(The letter B is used in my results to show where the hair broke).Investigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hairAnalysi ng (Skill C)CalculationsStrength is determined by the union of seek a hair can withstand without breaking. To work out the strength of each hair I calculated the tenseness applied to each when breaking. To do all the calculations I used the take noteing locutions1. jampack (N) = Mass (g) X 0.001 X 9.8E.g. 10 x 0.001 x 9.8 = crash (N)Force = 0.098N2. Cross Sectional range (m2) = ?r2E.g. 3.14 x 26 x 26 = Cross Sectional Area (m2)Cross Sectional Area = 2122.64m23. Stress (Nm-2) = Force (N) / (Cross Sectional Area (m2)/1000000)E.g. 0.098 / (2122.64/1000000) = StressStress = 46.16892172 (Nm-2)4. air travel = Extension (mm) / Original Length (mm)E.g. 32 / 100 = conformationStrain = 0.32The tables on pages 14 to 36 show how I calculated my cheer to do the statistical test.DiscussionMelanin molecules are proteins, which are produced at the prow of each hair. The more melanin in your hair, the darker it will get. An amino acid called tyrosine is converted into melanin so the hair will have colour. First, the bodys ocellus vessels carry tyrosine to the bottom of each hair follicle. Then, in this melanin factory tyrosine is used as the raw material for the production of the natural melanin that is the colour in hair. In short, natural hair colour depends upon the presence, amount and distri scarceion of melanin, a natural pigment found in the cortex.All natural hair colours are created from two eccentricfuls of melanin.Eumelanin = black pigmentPheomelanin = red/ icteric pigmentMixed melanins = when both eumelanin and pheomelanin mix together at bottom one melanin granule.The natural colour of the hair is decided bya) What type of melanin is in the hairb) How much melanin is in the hairc) How closely jam-packed or scattered the melanin is within the cortex.The type of melanin and the size of the granules determine whether hair will be brown, blonde, ginger or black. The amount of melanin and its distribution determine how dark or light the hair colour will be.Black hair is created from granules full of eumelanin densely packed in the hairs cortex. browned hair, depending on its cool or warm tones and its darkness or lightness, is created either from granules filled with eumelanin and more sparsely distributed along the cortex than those of black hair, or granules filled with a blend of mixed melanins. The red/yellow pheomelanin is believed to cause the warm, golden, or auburn tones found in most brown hair.Blonde hair has a very low melanin content. And while scientists have not yet determined which is dominant, it is believed that eumelanin creates blonde hair. Melanin in blonde hair is so sparse that what we actually see is the colour of the hair fibre itself, keratin, which is a pale yellow, off-white shade.Granules filled with pheomelanin create Ginger hair. The pheomelanin in ginger hair is little densely packed in its granules. Its shape is somewhat more irregular than its black counterpart, eumelanin. It is slightly rounder an d more spread out.From my results I found out that brown hair requisite the greatest amount of force to break. Blonde hair needed the least amount of force to break. Black hair was second strongest and ginger hair was three strongest. The order of strength (from my results) of hair is as follows brown, Black, Ginger, and wherefore Blonde.Brown hair stretched the most earlier breaking. Blonde hair stretched the least in the beginning breaking. Black hair stretched the second furthest and ginger hair stretched the third furthest. The order of length of hair stretched (from my results) earlier breaking is as follows Brown, Black, Ginger, and hence Blonde.Brown hair experienced the highest wrinkle before breaking and blonde hair experienced the lowest strain before breaking. The order of strain experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows Brown, Black, Ginger, and then(prenominal) Blonde.Brown hair experienced the highest tensile stress value before breaki ng and blonde experienced the lowest tensile stress value before breaking. The order of tensile stress experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows Brown, Ginger, Black, and then Blonde. representical record 1 shows the clean force take to break the four colours of hair. From this interpret I can see that brown hair required the greatest force to break. Black hair also required a large amount of force to break and so did ginger hair. Black hair only required a small amount of more force to break then ginger hair. The breaking force required for brown, black and ginger hair was quite similar. Blonde hair required much less force to break compared to the other colours of hair. This proves that the disulphide bonds in the blonde hair are not a big advantage for strength of the hair. The darker the hair the stronger the force required for the bonds in the hair to break. The darker the hair the more loathsome it is to breaking when forces are applied. The darke r the hair the higher concentrations of melanin present along the hair cortex.The same sort of pattern is seen in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 show the extension of hair when masses are added. Blonde hair breaks the earliest and brown hair breaks the latest.Graph 2 shows brown hair. Brown hair requires about 120g to snuff it up to about 70mm before breaking. The graph follows a fundamental trend and there are no absurd results. All results fit the termination of best fit.Graph 3 shows blonde hair. Blonde hair requires about 80g to extend up to about 35mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend and most results fit the line of best fit. There is one anomaly, though. The extension should not increase and then decrease. It should keep on decreasing. There must have been an error in written text this result. The results in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all averages. To work out the blonde determine in table 32, the results in tables 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 wer e used. There was only one value for the extension at 80g, in table 15. This value was smaller than the average of all the extensions in all six tables. This sample of hair should have broken at 80g not 90g. This did not happen. This may have been an error in not measuring correctly.Graph 4 shows ginger hair. Ginger hair requires about 100g to extend up to about 60mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend until it gets to 55g point. From this point onwards the hair length increases and decreases dramatically. This should not happen. The reason why this happens is draw above with the blonde hair. It is an error in measuring.Graph 5 shows black hair. Black hair requires about 140g to extend up to about 65mm before breaking. This graph is perfect. There are no anomalies. All points meet the line of best fit accurately.Graph 6 shows the average stresses and strains experienced by each hair colour. All four hair colours are plotted on the same graph so they can be easily com pared against each other. Brown, blonde and ginger hairs do not follow the normal trend. The stresses and strains for these three should continue to increase. Tables 57, 58, 59 and 60 show where the stress and strain value came form. The results are like this because when the stress and strain values were calculated the average extensions were used, which had a few faults, as describe above.Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 show recognisely what is happening to the stress-strain curves. Graph 7 shows one anomalous result. It has a high stress and strain value. Graph 8 also shows only one anomalous result. These two graphs show the basic trend. Graph 9 shows the normal trend until the stress value gets to 150Nm-2. Then it decreases and goes back on itself. This should not happen. The reason for this is explained above. There is an error in the extension averages. Graph 10 shows no anomalies.Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show modified values for stress and strain in all colours of hair. Graph 11 show s the modified stresses and strains for brown hair. This graph does not breaking ball backwards and the stress and strain values do not decrease. Graph 12 shows the modified stresses and strains for blonde hair. This graph does not show values of stress and strain decreasing. Graph 13 shows the modified stresses and strains for ginger hair. This graph has changed a lot. It reads much clearer. Stress and strain increases throughout. This is exactly what the graph should look like. Graph 14 is the same as graph 10. It did not need any modifications.The toughness of a hair is measured of its resistance to break. A lot of energy is required to break a tough material. Finally, the strength of a material (or tensile strength) is the greatest tensile stress it can undergo before breaking.Hair is an elastic material it can stretch to a certain maximum point (elastic point) before breaking. The largest tensile stress that can be applied to a material before it breaks is known as its ultimat e tensile stress (UTS). This value is sometimes referred to as the materials breaking stress.Graph 7 shows the stress-strain points for brown hair. Graph 11 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for brown hair is 359.03. Graph 8 shows stress-strain points for blonde hair. Graph 12 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for blonde hair is 125.48. Graph 9 shows the stress-strain for ginger hair. Graph 13 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for ginger hair is 286.58. Graph 10 shows the stress-strain points for black hair. Graph 14 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for black hair is 158.31.Overall I can see that brown hair was the strongest. This was not expected. I expected black hair to have the highest tensile strength, as it had a higher density of melanin along the cortex. Blonde hair sullen out to be the one with the lowest tensile stress. Ginger haired people have a high density of the pheomelanin pigments in their hair fibre. Those who produce virtually no eumelanin have a red to orange colour depending on the density of the pigment in the hair fibre. Red haired people who have a greater relative proportion of eumelanin production have a deeper red to red brown colour. Ginger hair also should have a high tensile strength. This is what I saw in my results. Black hair should also have a high tensile strength. My results showed black hair to have high tensile strength but not the highest.There are other ways in which hair tensile strength could have been measured. Hair products like shampoos have an effect on hair tensile strength. They are now designed to change hair strengths. Different makes of hair shampoos could be used. Strength could be measured in a similar way to how I measured it. A control will be also be needed, with hair with no products added.These modifications in Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show what the stress strain graphs should look like. In Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 thelines should not bend backwards.Statistical TestI will be using the (Chi squared test) X2.The formula for the Chi squared test is as followsX2 = ? (O E) 2 /EO = Observed valueE = Expected valueThe ((O E) 2) part of the formula considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either appointed or negative. To avoid the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared.The (E) part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the magnitude of the numbers involved.The sigma (?) sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values, but several (in this case four).By taking all the observed values of stress from tables 57, 58, 59 and 60, I can work out the expected value for each hair colour.I can then place these values in a table and work out the value for X2, using the chi squared formula.E = ( OBrown + OBlonde + OGinger + OBlack ) / 4E = ( 297.3 + 121.5 + 246.7 + 158.3 ) / 4E = 205.95BrownBlondeGingerBlackO 297.3121.5246.7158.3E205.95205.95205.95205.95( O E )91.35-84.4540.75-47.65( O E ) 28345713216612271(( O E ) 2) / E40.51934.6298.06311.025X2 = 40.519 + 34.629 + 8.063 + 11.025X2 = 94.235To calculate the degrees of freedom to be used can be found as follows* Number of categories minus 1.In this case 4 1 = 3The critical value (taken from critical values for the Chi squared test) at 3 degrees of freedom is 7.81 (at the 5% level).The test statistic (X2 = 94.235) is greater than the critical value(C.V = 7.81, at the 5% significance level). We therefore can reject the zero hypothesis and state there is a significant difference between the observed aInvestigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hairEvaluating (Skill D)Limitations* The selotape holding hairs in the paperclip at the top and at the bottom could have interfered with the tertiary structure of the protein, keratin. This could have increased or decreased the bond attractions in the hair to cause the hair to ha ve a high or low tensile stress. This would make my results unreliable. The hairs showing higher tensile stress may just be showing how sticky the selotape is and how strongly it is holding the hair structure together. This though, would affect all my results, as all hair samples had selotape on them to hold them together at the top and at the bottom. So, this limitation would affect all hairs making it a very weak limitation. My conclusion will not be affected as this limitation affects all hairs.* The time in between weights were added is another limitation. When each weight was added the hair stretched. tho when there were a lot of weights on hair, the hair stretched quickly and then the length was measured. After I finished measuring the hair had slowly stretched a little bit more. So the measurement was wrong. When the side by side(p) weight was added extra extension was added onto the new extension. My results were affected by this because some extensions were counterfeit ma king some data imprecise. Therefore, my conclusion will be invalid, because some hair samples could have broken at lower weights if I had waited for the hair to stretch, very slowly until it broke. There needed to be a time limit in which I had to record the extension of the hair, before adding the next weight to the hair.* The eye piece graticule can be a limiting factor. Different people measured hair thickness and put down it to what they felt the thickness ought to be according to the scale. It was not very clear to see how thick the hair was, as the hair was faded under the microscope at all magnifications and the outline was difficult to see. This could affect my results as the thickness of hairs was used to calculate the cross sectional area of the hairs, which was then used to calculate the tensile stress experienced by the hair. This could make my tensile stress values incorrect. My conclusion therefore could be affected by making out that a certain coloured hair had a hig her tensile stress than another coloured hair, when really it shouldnt have. This would make my conclusion unreliable.* There were different shades of hair colour, for example, there were light brown hair colours and dark brown hair colours. It was sometimes hard to distinguish between brown and blonde. This was the same for blonde hair. This would have an affect on the reliability and precision of my results making the verity of the strengths of different colours of colours of hair inaccurate. There should have been a certain shade of colour of hair (same amount of melanin in each brown hair) used for each colour sample. My conclusion will be imprecise because brown or blonde hair shades could cause incorrect results and make my conclusion incorrect.* The 10g mass is a limitation as the hair could break at lower masses than they actually did, for example a hair that broke at 50g could have broken at 41g, but I wouldnt know that as I only used 10g masses. So, I got false readings i mplying the hair is stronger than it actually is. If smaller masses were used my results would be much more accurate to make my conclusion reliable. This limitation could cause my conclusion to be invalid, causing the hairs strength and point on breaking higher or lower than it actually is. terminationAfter doing my statistical test I can reject my null hypothesis and accept my hypothesis and say that brown, blonde, ginger and black hairs differ in tensile strength. I have proved this difference in my calculations, mainly in graphs 1 and 6. From my results I can see that darker coloured has a higher tensile stress compared to lighter coloured hairs. In my hypothesis I said that lighter coloured hair would have a higher tensile strength than darker coloured hair, due to lighter coloured hair having sulphur-sulphide bonds, which are very strong. I have disproved this. with testing all four colours of hair I can see that these strong sulphur bonds do not reflect any tensile strength q ualities. Lighter coloured hair does not have an advantage over dark coloured hair when it comes to tensile strength. It mainly depends on the type of melanin the hair contains. The denser the melanin quantity is the stronger the hair.

Cost Classifications

Cost Classifications Consult Ch. 6 & 7 of health Cargon finance and other sources to complete the form. This worksheet requires you to tint the definitions and role models of fibers of cost, and the types of centers where be occur. break in 1 For severally term in tug A, select the overcompensate definition from column B on the right. sp ar the correspond garner of the definition side by side(p) to the term. tug A f 1. confirmatory cost a 2. machinate cost d 3. inflexible be i e h b c g 4. Variable be 5. Step-fixed be 6. Responsibility centers 7. Revenue centers 8. Cost centers . rump cost centers column B Definitions A. cost incurred directly as a result of providing a specific religious go or good B. Centers aerated with controlling cost and generate receipts C. Have no revenue budget and no obligation to prep be revenue D. cost that do not commute as receipts volume varies E. unflinching over some be sick of service volume, yet rise to a stark na ked level for a higher clutch of service volume F. Costs that cannot be even directly to the long-sufferings stay in the bed G. represent as budgets on paper only H. The places where be occur and hand over budgets I.Costs that interpolate as volume changes straggle II For separately real-world ensample, select the jell term from the list on the left. Write the corresponding letter of the real-world physical exertion next to the term. Column A m 1. Indirect be q 2. Direct costs p 3. Fixed costs n r j o l k 4. Variable costs 5. Step-fixed costs 6. Responsibility centers 7. Revenue centers 8. Cost centers 9. rear end cost centers Column B Real-World Examples J. A sub unit of measurement of a big organization that is creditworthy for some type of budget, such as the paysheet department or courier service K.Sh ares of depreciation, administ ration division, or washout service L. Administration, charitable resources, or housework M. Utility bill, supplies, or concern N. Nursing care, feed consumed, drugs administered O. Hospital cafeteria, open shop, or set behave P. Depreciation of infirmary equipment Q. Building add payment, building insurance, or demarcation or net service R. The nurse-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to lead patients. There are four nurses scheduled for 12 patients. During the second shift, triplet more patients are admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse. factor common chord Select two choices from Part II and excuse why they live up to that cost classification. 7 Revenue centers. I chose hospital cafeteria, gift shop, and parking ramp as the real life example of revenue centers because these are all for profit examples. The profit of any of the examples mentioned to a higher place contributes to the revenue of the hospital in general. 4 Variable costs The originator I chose nursing care, food consumed, and drugs administered as the real life example for variables costs is because these costs fluctuate based on the hospitals or easiness census.Cost ClassificationsAssociate Level cloth Cost Classifications Consult Ch. 6 & 7 of Health Care Finance and other sources to complete the form. This worksheet requires you to match the definitions and examples of types of cost, and the types of centers where costs occur. Part 1 For each term in Column A, select the correct definition from Column B on the right. Write the corresponding letter of the definition next to the term. Column A F Indirect costs A Direct costs D Fixed costs I Variable costs E Step-fixed costs H Responsibility centers B Revenue centers C Cost centers G Shadow cost centers Column B Definitions Costs incurred directly as a result of providing a specific service or good Centers charged with controlling costs and generate revenue Have no revenue budget and no obligation to earn revenue Costs that do not motley as service volume varies Fixed over some range of service volume, but rise to a new level for a higher range of service volume Costs that cannot be tied directly to the patients stay in the bed Exist as budgets on paper only The places where costs occur and have budgets Costs that change as volume changes Part II For each real-world example, select the correct term from the list on the left. Write the corresponding letter of the real-world example next to the term. Column A K Indirect costs N Direct costs Q Fixed costs M Variable costs R Step-fixed costs J Responsibility centers O Revenue centers l Cost centers P Shadow cost centers Column B Real-World Examples A subunit of a larger organization that is responsible for some type of budget, such as the payroll department or courier service Shares of depreciation, administration division, or laundry service Administration, human resources, or housekeeping Utility bill, supplies, or maintenance Nursing care, food consumed, drugs administered Hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or park ing ramp Depreciation of hospital equipment Building impart payment, building insurance, or cable or earnings service The nurse-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to three patients. There are four nurses scheduled for 12 patients.During the second shift, three more patients are admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse. Part III Select two choices from Part II and explain why they meet that cost classification. Places such as hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp are categorise as revenue centers. These are class in this way because they are used for interaction and to produce cyberspace from goods that are sold in that department or unit. A loan payment, insurance, or cable/internet service is classified as a fixed cost. Fixed costs are known as costs that do not vary depending on the services given. These costs are endured every month and at a standard, fixed rate for the company.Cost ClassificationsAssociate Level Material Cost Classificati ons Consult Ch. 6 & 7 of Health Care Finance and other sources to complete the form. This worksheet requires you to match the definitions and examples of types of cost, and the types of centers where costs occur. Part 1 For each term in Column A, select the correct definition from Column B on the right. Write the corresponding letter of the definition next to the term. Column A F Indirect costs A Direct costs D Fixed costs I Variable costs E Step-fixed costs H Responsibility centers B Revenue centers C Cost centers G Shadow cost centers Column B Definitions Costs incurred directly as a result of providing a specific service or good Centers charged with controlling costs and generate revenue Have no revenue budget and no obligation to earn revenue Costs that do not vary as service volume varies Fixed over some range of service volume, but rise to a new level for a higher range of service volume Costs that cannot be tied directly to the patients stay in the bed Exist as budgets on paper only The places where costs occur and have budgets Costs that change as volume changes Part II For each real-world example, select the correct term from the list on the left. Write the corresponding letter of the real-world example next to the term. Column A K Indirect costs N Direct costs Q Fixed costs M Variable costs R Step-fixed costs J Responsibility centers O Revenue centers l Cost centers P Shadow cost centers Column B Real-World Examples A subunit of a larger organization that is responsible for some type of budget, such as the payroll department or courier service Shares of depreciation, administration division, or laundry service Administration, human resources, or housekeeping Utility bill, supplies, or maintenance Nursing care, food consumed, drugs administered Hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp Depreciation of hospital equipment Building loan payment, building insurance, or cable or internet service Th e nurse-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to three patients. There are four nurses scheduled for 12 patients.During the second shift, three more patients are admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse. Part III Select two choices from Part II and explain why they meet that cost classification. Places such as hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp are classified as revenue centers. These are classified in this way because they are used for interaction and to produce profits from goods that are sold in that department or unit. A loan payment, insurance, or cable/internet service is classified as a fixed cost. Fixed costs are known as costs that do not vary depending on the services given. These costs are endured every month and at a standard, fixed rate for the company.

Student Anti-Intellectualism and the Dumbing Down

I eat up got had many tasteful propagation with homework and exams, staying up past 2 a. M. Trying to finish a certain assignment or review for a test. I accomplished I had to variety show my attitude and come up with a excogitate to lower my express and accomplish my goals. With this In mind, I turned to my parents and college counselors for focusing to develop this fancy. I listened to their suggestions and ended up with my feature plan to restrain my cartridge holder more(prenominal) wisely, add physical activity, and focus on i task, not anticipate the future. Dents from Yale university in 1979 faced financial, family, friends, and self pressures, when trying to take after in college. Zingier supports his essay with his own observations by working as a master at Bradford university and also uses quotes and examples from deans and pupils that attend Yale. The authors purpose is to show school-age childs that they dont have to plan the rest of their lives at such a young suppurate they mustiness take chances and find majors that interest them.The author writes in an informal t angiotensin-converting enzyme mainly for parents, moreover also to select peoples oversight that such pressures are not necessary, that students must be tranquil, choose their own paths, and not give Into such in proud spirits expectations (Zingier Para. 1-48). My graduation drastic change was time centering organize my docket so I would get a chance to accomplish altogether my goals. In fact, a search virtually mental strain mentivirtuosod that both female and male college students perceive an akin magnitude of stress and superior college students perceive the highest stress (Ditz Para. ). Knowing this I knew I would have to start the stress-free plan right away so I would not end up like most senior college students. Furthermore, research has shown that universities should play a more active role in helping first-year students to make sense of time dealment, academic acculturation, self-directed, student transition, study habits, and student workload techniques(Van Deer Mere, Ellen and Marmoreal Para. ). My best plectron at this point as a first year student was to go to my counselor and get some tips on how to manage my time impressively.Ever since that twenty-four hour period, I have been able to manage my time to my advantage. Every day I pull up stakes make a list of activities I must get by dint of by placing the events of most Importance up take and work my way down until the one of least Importance. The faster I got these actively done and crossed them off my list the less stress I had. My time management plan was to first use my first half of my homework. After, that I would either do chores, socialize with friends ND family, or work depending on the day of the workweek.Around the evening time at pm I would then finish the other half of my homework. This time management system so far has been very productive and given me more flexibility to do a little bit of eitherthing in one every day. Another coping mechanism I found to be very helpful is including physical activity to my daily schedule. For this technique I went to my parents for advice since they are exercise fanatics. I Just figured if they could fit all their responsibilities and still make time for exercising then so could l.At the ginning of my plan I would attend the gym about twice a week, but now I go 5 days a week and I always listen to music that is upbeat so it give victuals me in a honest and healthy mood. Ill run Monday through Friday, then I will lift weights every other day, and on Sundays Ill meditate or use some form of relaxing technique. Its as if I cant live without it, especially after reading a research by various doctors who said that research conducted has shown that physical activity is an effective means of reducing anxiety and various indices of stress among college students and adults(Spirit-Mete,et. L. Para. 23). While another(prenominal) research done showed that poor health behaviors were also linked with high levels of collegiate stress and that the college students who reported higher levels of stress also consumed great amounts of Junk food, less exercise and inadequate amount of sleep(Miller, et. Al. Para. 34). both researches only made me essential to exercise even more to quiet all that unnecessary stress. Overall Im very aware of my time schedule and daily exercise systems to cope with stress, but I noticed I still carried some stress when thinking about the future.Finally, in parliamentary law to get rid of the stress about anticipating the future, I would Just have to think about my present issues and taking one step at a time. I noticed I would focus too some(prenominal) on get the major of my dreams or devising my parents happy and soaring instead of focusing in the moment and what my goals are for right now. In fact, this high expectations and stress all sta rt in high school. A study done by a research team at an independent school showed that more than one-third of the forty Juniors unidentified that getting into a good college was more important than being a good person (Westbound Para. ), the worst part is that their parents agreed. This situation is very unfortunate and students especially coming out of high school into college must focus of what they want to achieve and not what others want them to achieve. That is exactly what I ask myself every day, what do I want to achieve today? In fact, a study from Maintaining Positive Attitude mentioned to not press fast former now because then you will Just end up making the same mistakes later on (Machine et al. Para. 54).Now I make three lists of accomplishments one for past accomplishments, present accomplishments in the recess, and accomplishments I plan on fulfilling in the future. Lastly, these methods have given me a better visual of how successful and harbor a peaceful, healthy and happy lifestyle. In the end, I believe my decisions to manage my time, apply daily physical activities, and not over thinking about the future have been the perfect stress-free plan. Of course not all the stress is gone, but the way I cope with college stress now will help me reach my future goals.Another point is that no matter what challenges in life are, I must take one task at a time with a positive attitude and I rig it off until last minute and end up overwhelmed and stressed. The key is to keep my plan up to date and taking these challenges as experiences to become a stronger and more successful student. I even remember one of my high school teachers saying that some stress is actually good for the brain, so I think for now I have enough stress to keep myself challenged.

Innovation in Agriculture

Indian organizations have acquired a reputation for organizational and genial instauration and strategies centered round in the buff concepts of frugal innovation. It has been suggested that some of these increases reflect specific socio-economic and framework conditions peculiar to the Indian context. At the same time many Indian firms have as yet to institute systems and procedures required for supporting technological, product and service innovations.The existence of full-dress R&D departments/divisions, offers a ritualistic fig leaf for innovation dedicate. The absence of organizational support and a holistic innovation outline coupled with an integrative perspective obscures or limits the development of a proactive innovation strategy. The paradox of Indian innovation suggests that the necessity of developing and managing the commodious supply of merciful resources in the country is central to its conceptualization and realization.These innovations fare manifested mai nly in two different patterns, one of which relates to the management of human resources within organizations, and the separatewise to the creation of social enterprises for the development of human resources distant the latter may as well take the form of CSR initiatives by incorporated organizations. One of the implications of the abundant supply of human resources in the country is that Indian organizations have to adopt people-focused business strategies rather than the command structures cantered round the use, exercise and incentivisation of human resources.This issue probably makes India different from Western countries and there is a big opportunity both for comparative research and best practice exchange. A second interesting implication of the above is that over the long time there has been a phenomenal growth in the number of social enterprises in India, which are different from commercial enterprises in having social development (rather than profit-making) as their main objective.For this reason they are likely to be perennially operating under resource constraints, which make it difficult for them to survive without innovations. The look at is to investigate innovative HR and other related strategies adopted by Indian commercial as well as social enterprises. instauration is rarely a product of the internal resources of the firm alone. Relations with other organizations are likely to be crucial to the success f innovations. We also wish to explore how innovations in Indian firms are influenced by their dealing with other organizations. Topics to be covered in the presentation will embroil (but are not restricted to) the following * Principal types and characteristics of innovations in Indian firms * HR innovations in Indian firms * presentations in Indian social enterprises business office of public bodies in supporting firms innovation * Organizational constraints and facilitators of innovation * Innovation in different types of indus tries (manufacturing/service, hi-tech/low-tech, small/medium/large, etc) * Innovative relationships with other organizations * Support for innovations from inter-organizational relationships * Sources, means and types of information and knowledge important for firms innovation * issue and regional innovation systems * Costs, benefits and impacts of Innovations Please note that the deadline for paper submission issecond January 2012.

Mass Spec Explanation in HTML

Mass spectrometry plunder help see to it the molecular formula and weight of a compound as tumefy as provide isotope copiousness data. Within a magnetic airfield the angle of deflection of charged particles is used to discover the relative multitude of molecular fragments and ions. Several prime quantitys are due to the contri furtherion of Isotopes. An Isotope refers to an atom having the corresponding atomic number but a deferent number of neutrons, subtracting or adding mass. The mass spectrum of methyl chloride has a point of view peak at m/z=49 consisting of the most abundant Ion at 100% abundance.It in addition has a molecular ion peak at m/z=84 consisting of the molecular weight of methyl chloride at 80% abundance. By subtracting the base peak from the molecular Ion peak, It can be determined that the resulting 35 corresponds to CLC. The struggle of other molecular fragments can be looked at to verify chlorines comportment such as and corresponding to the CLC Isot ope. The M*2 rule also Identifies the CLC Isotope when looking at m/z=84, 86 and 86, 88. Each urn/z peak can represent a variety of different molecular mass fragments.The peaks limb=86 and 88 only have and abundance respectively, since both peaks are the results of isotopes. The CLC isotope has a 24% abundance naturally and ICC has a 1% abundance naturally. These low abundance percentages contribute to the smaller intensities of the m/z=86 and 88 peaks. While m/z=86 can be found with only one isotope of CLC, m/z=88 moldiness contain at least two CLC isotopes making the intensity of its peak even less. Mass spectroscopy may identify a compounds fragments and isotopes, but it also determines the purities of products.

How Far Is Macbeth a Gothic Protagonist

How far is Macbeth a mediaeval adorer? The gothic protagonist who is seen as the main char hot turner tries to overcome human limitations by making acting as god. Within the novel elements of medieval is seen which is seen amplyly in the characters as well as other aspects. Shakespe ars Macbeth consists of the central protagonist who is Macbeth himself. Thus, Macbeth is seemed as a gothic protagonist beca substance ab practise he urges for a gothic goal which is often for more power. A gothic protagonist is known to have sharply contrasting qualities within the character.This is seen in Macbeth as we see the contrast between Good and curse which is a strong source of conflict within Macbeth. Macbeths character is profoundly divided and this conflict works itself out in depth. The first act of the runaway offers an increasing insight into the complex interaction of good and evil in Macbeths mind. The noble, valiant and loyal soldier of the too soon scenes is tempted by the v isions of future personal glory conjured by the witches and comes increasingly at a lower place their influence.The booking between these conflicting elements of Macbeths character becomes evident promptly after the first of the witches prophecies has come true, when he observes this supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. The proposition that Macbeth is a villain in whom there is weensy to admire is an inadequate judgement of Macbeths character. Macbeth is not consciously and of course malevolent, and there are many aspects of his character and his downf whole which serve to set up this.Macbeth was not only a victim of his own actions, but in addition of the human condition and the extremely powerful forces of both his wife and fate. end-to-end the play the audience undoubtedly experiences feelings of revulsion at Macbeth, but we are also driven, through an understanding of his character, to admiration and sympathy. This would not be the consequence if Macb eth was a totally vile and reprehensible villain, and thus the tragedy of Shakespeares Macbeth is clear. Macbeth was certainly no villain to begin with.He is introduced to us as a man of great honour, nobility and strength of morals. He is held in high regard by King Duncan, who addresses him as valiant cousin, worthy humans- so highly, in fact, that Macbeth is granted a promotion over Banquo (who seems to be of an extremely worthy and loyal character). But there is a sinister difference between Macbeth and Banquo- Macbeths ambition and lust for power. He is a man with an unsurpassable desire to advance himself.He himself identifies this quality while he contemplates an action that he is wholly repulsed by I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting Ambition which oerleaps itself, And falls on th other. This Vaulting Ambition is what makes Macbeth vulnerable and leads him to believe possibly the most vile deed he can imagine, telescope him on a path of des truction. There is a temptation to use the fact that he could comprehend the vileness of his deed as a reason as to why we should condemn Macbeth as even worse a villain.Gothic assembly is a form of literature that includes elements of both horror and romance. Most gothic fiction has things that are supernatural, includes feelings like guilt, sin, madness, settings usually in a castle or in dark caves, mystery, suspense, violence, a damoiselle in distress, and omens or dark curses. The play Macbeth by William Shakespeare is written in gothic literature, this is evident through an examination of the feelings of guilt, sin, madness, the battle between good and evil and omens and curses that take place throughout the play.Omens, curses, prophecies, supernatural beings, these are all things that are very common in gothic literature. Shakespeare uses these things to make the play seem darker and have more mystery to it. There are tether witches in Macbeth and they make prophecies that will alter Macbeths future. They predict that tercet things will happen, matchless of them being The power of man for none of fair sex born/ Shall harm Macbeth, 4. 1, 91 & 92. Traditionally, characters in gothic fiction have their future predicted by some supernatural being they use this knowledge to alter their life. Macbeth is no different.One would think that it is impossible to not be born from a woman, so Macbeth uses this to gain confidence that no one will ever be able to kill him. Later on in Macbeth, after the witches make the prophecy of Macbeth not being killed by man born of woman, he goes to battle with Macduff. Since it is said to be that Macbeth cannot be killed by man born of woman, Macbeth is told Macduff was from his mothers womb/ inopportune ripped, 5. 8, 19 & 20. After being told this Macbeth decided to go to battle with Macduff and got killed, this shows that the prophecy did alter his life in a way he never saw coming.

Video Laryngoscopes For Intubations Health And Social Care Essay

Difficult and failed tracheal squeeze appearnulization remains a taking cause of anaesthetic morbidity and mortality despite progresss in schemes both to predict and to pull kill 5 the sternly personal credit line passage. M whatever hard cannulisations are non accept until after initiation of anaesthesia 3 . Despite the handiness of options, the mack Laryngoscope remains the most widely employ.Endotracheal canulisation, considered to be the gilded criterion in procuring the air passage, is normally performed utilizing a direct Laryngoscope. In add-on to unworthy light, troubles in executing conventional direct laryngoscopy normally arise from the particular(a) position angle of about 10-15 5 . Standard direct laryngoscopy requires conjunction of the unwritten, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes in order to see the vocal cords. In contrast, confirming Laryngoscopes merely requires alliance of the guttural and laryngeal axes, which lie along confusable angles as co mpared with the unwritten axis 6 . Insufficient laryngoscopic position constitutes the forefront ground for hard cannulations.Without equal visual image, cannulation remains uncertain and associated with elevated destiny for disgrace 7 . Therefore, different blade designs such as the McCoy purchase blade,DoA?rges cosmopolitan blade and so on were true to better cannulation success. 8,9 Owing to staying cannulation troubles in some affected roles, instruments leting indirect glottic position such as flexible and stiff fiberscope, cannulations endoscopes and optical stylets were introduced 10-12 . However, prolonged costs and the demand for particular preparation basically contributed to a bound spread of many of these devices 13 . Therefore, anesthesiologists are still seeking for cannulation devices uniting first-class glottic visual image with simple and efficient habitude. over the last few grey-headed ages, video- aided endoscopic techniques have successfull y been introduced into assorted surgical subjects. In contrast, anesthesiologists have been loath to take up the advantages of the attend technique for their intents. The first efforts were undertaken with jury-rigged instruments uniting Laryngoscopes and flexible fiberscopes 14 . Today, several(prenominal) luxuriant picture Laryngoscopes are commercially available 15-18 . Whereas some devices brag a conventional Macintosh blade signifier, early(a)s show a trenchant blade design. A labeled curvature resembling oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal anatomy enables a widened position.As a affair of fact, airway direction in injury diligents has turned out to be exceptionally critical 19 . In instance of hurt and instability, motion of the cervical spinal column can do irreversible harm to the spinal cord 20 . chemical bond of stiff or semi-rigid cervical throttlers are a compulsory stripe in exigency medical attention but makes ETI by prototype laryngoscopy much more ha rd or even non possible 21 . Video Laryngoscopes ( VLs ) , which allow an indirect position of the glottis, may therefore loosening ETI even when the direct glottic position can non be obtained and better visibility of the vocal cords 22 . The broad handiness of VLs poses the inquiry whether their usage can ease ETI safe and speedy even without remotion of the cervical neckband.AIM OF THE WORKTo measure the safety and utility of glidescope, Airtraq and UE video-Laryngoscope use in anesthetized unhurrieds with fake ( with an immobilized cervical spinal column ) and expected hard cannulation conditions in analyze to the Macintosh Laryngoscope. patient ofs and methodsEthical bless(prenominal)ing was obtained from the Ethical commission in HUST, and written communicate consent was obtained from all participants in the lead registration in the eyeshot..Target populationPatients which exhibit for elected surgery necessitating orotracheal cannulation, were recruited and indiscrim inately assigned into twain chief groups, for each one chief group include four subgroups of 20 patients.Type of the surveyComparative, prospective, random clinical test surveyAn religious serviceer who was non involved in the survey obtained numbered opaque pre-sealed envelopes incorporating the randomized group allocations after each patient was enrolled into the survey. Anesthetists non involved in the aggregation or analysis of the informations performed all cannulation.GROUPE ( 1 ) expected hard cannulation macintosh laryngoscope- glidescope Airtraq UE video-laryngoscopeGROUPE ( 2 ) fake hard cannulation macintosh laryngoscope- glidescope Airtraq UE video-laryngoscopecellular inclusion standards & A Exclusion standards GROUP ( 1 ) cellular inclusion standardsBoth sexi?Patients are ASA I or ASA IIi?Age 20-60 yearsi? take from patients about the nature of the survey and techniquei?Expected hard airway upon judgment.Exclusion standardsPatient refused to inscribe in the re search surveyEar, nose or throat surgeryA demand for rapid sequence initiation or exigency surgery each upset of the cardiovascular, pneumonic, hepatic, nephritic, or GI systems know from news report or common scrutinyPatients with unstable cervical spinal columnIf the patient at hazard of pneumonic aspiration.GROUP ( 2 ) Inclusion standardsBoth sexPatients are ASA I or ASAIIi?Age 20-60 old ages.Consent from patients about the nature of the survey and technique.Exclusion standardsPatient refused to inscribe in the research surveyEar, nose or throat surgeryA demand for rapid sequence initiation or exigency surgery.Any upset of the cardiovascular, pneumonic, hepatic, nephritic, or GI systems known from history or general scrutiny.Patients with unstable cervical spinal columnIf the patient at hazard of pneumonic aspiration.Expected hard airway upon appraisal.Morbid Obesity ( constitutive(a) structure mass index & gt 35 ) .Study results testament be in the signifier of cannulation rationalise, laryngoscope clip, success steps, figure of tests, failure rate, air manner injury, hemodynamic reply and glottic visual image grads with all picture assisted devices.A-Preoperative appraisalMedical historyHistory of chronic medical unwellness.Drug history. anesthetic history including old anaesthesia, air passage troubles, and household jobs related to anaesthesias.Physical scrutiny world-wide scrutinyPulse, arterial blood force per unit area, respiratory rate and temperature.Heart, thorax and abdominal scrutiny.Local scrutinyAir manner appraisal for any troubles or any oropharyngeal hurt was noted originally surgeryLaboratory probesComplete blood count.Prothrombin clip ( PT ) , INR, partial thrombokinase clip ( PTT ) , shed blooding clip.Electrocardiogram for patients above 40years old.Anaesthetic appraisalTo except marks of hard cannulation1 ) airway Physical Examination ( Signs of expected hard cannulation )A ) Interincisor infinite Less than 3 centimeter.B ) Visibility of uvula Not in sight when natural language is protruded with patient in sitting place ( Mallampati category greater than II )C ) Thyromental distance Less than three ordinary fingers.D ) space of cervix Short.Tocopherol ) Thickness of cervix Midst.F ) Range of movement of caput and cervix Patient can non touch tip of mentum to chest or can non widen cervix. 23 Demographic informationsThe patient s age, sex, ASA position and BMI was recordedB-MethodsPatients were prepared by fasting for at to the lowest degree 6 8 hours.Airway devices and anesthesia machine, ventilator, flowmeters and equipments checked were checked preoperatively. aft(prenominal) canulation monitoring equipments go away be attached to the patient including 5 leads ECG, non-invasive blood force per unit area, pulse oximetry and anaesthetic gas proctor.Initiation of anaesthesia & A cannulationPatients were preoxygenated with 100 % Oxygen for 3 proceedingss, No drugging was given to the patients. Then all patients receivedi?spropofol 2-3 mg.kg i.vfentanyl 1.5 Ag.kg i.vcis- atracurium 0.5 mg.kg i.vDevicessOne of the helpers forget help the anesthesiologist who pull up stakes execute the cannulations. A Magill tracheal tubing with 7.5 millimeters ingrained diameter ( ID ) was used for all efforts. Lubricant was already applied to the tracheal tubing, and a 10 milliliter syringe to barricade the tubing s turnup. The devices used for the survey were( 1 ) Standard Macintosh laryngoscope, blade 3 ( gold-standard HEINE Optotechnik, Munich, Germany ) .( 2 ) Glidescope Ranger, Cobalt blade 3 ( Verathon Inc, Bothell, WA, USA ) .( 3 ) Airtraq, coat 3 ( Prodol, Madrid, Spain ) .( 4 ) UE Video Laryngoscope, medium size blade ( china )A semi-rigid stylet was inserted in the tracheal tubing when intu-bation was performed with Macintosh and UE laryngeaoscope. The GlideRite stiff stylet was used for efforts with GlideScope. As the Airtraq have integrated counsel channels for the trach eal tubing, they were non intentional to be used with a stylet and were accordingly used without any additional counsel.IN Group ( 2 )The patients lungs will so manually air out for 3 min before a stiff cervical neckband will be applied maintaining the cervix in a neutral place. This is an established technique for imitating a hard air passage.Tracheal cannulation will so execute with one of the three picture laryngoscopes or mackintoshs laryngoscope, in conformity to the randomized allocation.IN Group ( 1 ) , the resembling thing as group ( 2 ) without apply the stiff cervical neckband.Parameter will mensurate1-Laryngoscope clipTimess from the first contact with the device until accomplishment of a successful position of the glottis.2-Time to intubation provide be recorded as the clip from ejaculation of one of the videolaryngoscope to visual aspect of an end-tidal C dioxide hint on the capnograph.3,4-Number of tests & A failure rateIf cannulation is unsuccessful at the first effort, or took longer than 180 s, or if desaturation is note on the pulsation oximeter ( specify as SpO2 & lt 93 % ) , the cannulation effort will halt and the lungs give vent with an oxygen-volatile anesthetic mixture for 3 min. A 2nd effort will be allowed with the randomly allocated airway device. If cannulation is unsuccessful after two efforts, the protocol allow for the cervical neckband to be take and the patient s windpipe to be intubated with the anesthesiologist s instrument of pick.5-Hemodynamics response ( bosom rate, systolic and diastolic blood force per unit areas ) Will be recorded during the cannulation procedure with readings taken pre-induction, pre-intubation and at 3 and 5 min after cannulation6-Glottic visual image mark ( categorization of Cormack and Lehane, as modified by Yentis and Lee )class I full position of the glottis class IIa partial position of the glottis class IIb arytaenoids or posterior part of the cords seeable class III -only the epiglo ttis seeable class IV neither epiglottis nor glottis visible.7- Airway injuryA careful scrutiny of the oropharynx, will be performed after cannulation to find any lip or mucosal injury. The presence of any of the followers will taken to be grounds of mucosal hurt blood discolorations on the tracheal tubing upon extubation seeable lacerations in the oropharynx or any exhaust noted on the lips or oropharyngeal mucous membrane.8-Number of optimisation manoeuvres before tracheal cannulation.Each option technique add 1 point move of the patient, alteration of stuffs ( blade, Endo-tracheal tubing, alteration in stylette form ) , need for ( raising force, laryngeal force per unit area, jaw push )Statistical AnalysisThe IBM SPSS Statistics ( version 20 ) will be used for statistical analysis. The sample size of n = 20 participants was calculated to be sufficient to observe a standardised misbegot discrimination of ( 1.4 ) in the cannulation clip with a power of 80 % and reversible s ignificance degree of 5 % .All consequences are shown as agencies A standard divergence ( SD ) or figure ( % ) .The normal scattering of informations will be tested utilizing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov endeavor. Student s t-test will be used for statistical significance of the difference in the average cannulation and laryngeal clip between the MAC group and each of the other groups Mann-Whitney trial will be used for non-parametric informations. One-way ANOVA will be used for statistical significance of difference in three-figure variables ( e.g. age, BMI, laryngeal & A cannulation clip and hemodynamic parametric quantities ) between the 4-devices groups. paired t-test will be used for statistical significance of the average difference in hemodynamic parametric quantities ( in each group ) at pre-induction/pre-intubation clip and each of the other clip points ( 1-min, 3-min & amp 5-min ) . Categorical variables will be tested for statistical significance utilizing Chi-square tri al Fischer s exact trial will be used when any expected frequence is less than 1 or 20 % of expected frequences are less than or equal to 5.A