Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery

Rachel Weeping for Her Children Black Women and the Abolition of thraldom by Margaret majuscule Photograph of Sojourner fairness, 1864. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) During the period leading up to the civil War, menacing women all over the North comprised a stalwart moreover now largely forgotten abolitionist army. In myriad ways, these race-conscious women worked to convey immediate independence to the South. Anti- hard workerry Union scurrilous women felt the sting of conquest personally.Like the slaves, they too were victims of color prejudice some had been born in Northern bondage others had family members still enslaved and many interacted daily with self-emancipated plenty who constantly feared world returned south. Anti-slavery women such as Sojourner lawfulness and Harriet Tubman were only the most famous of the abolitionists. out front either of these heroines came on the scene and before anti-slavery was an organized movement, moody women in local Northern co mmunities had quietly turned to activism through their church work, literary societies, and benevolent organizations.These women found time for political activism in between managing households, elevator children, and working. In the late 1820s, Zions African Methodist Episcopal perform in New York City, Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, and the African Meetinghouse in capital of Massachusetts were centers of char charrly anti-slavery activity. Black women proclaimed that their provoke was let the oppressed go free. They organized bazaars to promote the purchase of goods make from free labor, met in sewing circles to make clothing for those fleeing bondage, and raised coin for Freedoms Journal, the nations prime(prenominal) black newspaper.In 1830, when Boston editor William Lloyd Garrison proposed his idea of publishing a newspaper employ solely to immediate emancipation, a committee of black women began raising coin for it. The first copy of the Liberato r appeared on January 1, 1831, with strong financial backing from black women. At their literary-society meetings, black women switched from reading European classics to discussing the Liberator and anti-slavery pamphlets, and inviting male tattleers to expound on the evils of slavery.Throughout the 1830s, black women engaged heavily in activism. They vowed to heed the enslaved mothers cry for children mang take away and designated their d headspringings as free mobs for those fleeing bondage. For example, Hester thoroughfare of New York City, a winning black entrepreneur, used her plaza as an clandestine Railroad station. Lane also traveled south to purchase enslaved children whom she freed and educated. Mary Marshalls Colored Sailors Boarding Home was another busy sanctuary.Marshall kept a vigilant eye out for refugees from bondage, and was determined that No one who had the fortitude to start should fail to reach the goal. Other black women organized asking drives, wrot e anti-slavery poetry, hosted traveling abolitionists, and organized fairs. By 1832, black women had formed the first egg-producing(prenominal) anti-slavery society in Salem, Massachusetts. They also held executive offices in biracial female anti-slavery societies in Philadelphia, Boston, and elsewhere.Anti-slavery black men insisted that black women work only layabout the scenes, but women sometimes refused to do so. In New York City, a assembly of black women confronted white authorities in a courtroom where several(prenominal) self-emancipated women were about to be returned to bondage. Black men accused the female protesters of carry everlasting shame and remorse upon the black community and upon themselves. In 1831, black women in Boston organized the African American Female science orderliness. This organization became a forum for Maria Stewart, the first woman to speak publicly against slavery.Stewart proclaimed that she was called by God to address the issues of black emancipation and the rights of black women. We claim our rights, she asserted, as women and men, and we are not afraid of them that bug out the body. Stewart also published a pamphlet in the Liberator on behalf of black women and the enslaved, but Bostons black male community illegalise Stewart for her public expressions and forced her into silence. She soon left the city. Although she never again verbalize publicly, she remained active through womens organizations and conventions.She joined other black women who held office, served as delegates, and otherwise participated in the biracial womens anti-slavery conventions in 1837, 1838, and 1839. The anti-slavery movement took a more progressive turn in the 1840s, when the American Anti-Slavery Society (Garrisonians) welcomed women as officeholders and speakers. Most black women continued their quiet anti-slavery work, but some were outspoken. The first black woman to take the public stage for the American Anti-Slavery Society was Sojourner Truth.Born into slavery in 1797 among the Hudson Valley Dutch and emancipated in adulthood, Truth was already known as a preacher when she joined the Garrisonians in 1844. She made anti-slavery speeches throughout New England, and in 1845, gave her first address at the American Anti-Slavery Societys annual convention. Sojourner Truth became known from Maine to naut mi as a popular and featured anti-slavery speaker. Truth published a Narrative of her life and used the proceeds to purchase a home and finance her abolitionist work. Another surge of radicalism occurred in 1850 with the passage of the short Slave Law.It decreed that any citizen could be enlisted in the service of a slaveholder to capture an enslaved person, and it nullified the individual civil rights that a conjure up guaranteed its citizens, including those formerly enslaved. That same year, Harriet Tubman, a thirty-year-old self-emancipated Marylander, began defying the Fugitive Slave Law by leading ensl aved men, women, and children out of the South. With slave catchers lurking everywhere and a price on her head, Tubman safely conducted her charges through the Northern states and on to Canada.Mary Ann Shadd (Cary) was a twenty-five-year-old freeborn schoolteacher when the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. Inspired by her father, whom she described as a chief breakman on the Delaware subway system Railroad, Shadd soon moved to Canada and found herself as a militant abolitionist, influential emigrationist, and the first black woman newspaper editor (of the Provincial Freeman). In 1854, twenty-eight-year-old Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper) joined Sojourner Truth on the Garrisonian lecture circuit. Born into a well-connected Baltimore family, Watkins was a poet and teacher.She was drawn into the abolitionist struggle by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which rescinded the restrictions on slavery in the remaining territories acquired infra the Louisiana Purchase. Watkins traveled throughout the Midwest, sometimes with Sojourner Truth. Watkins spoke eloquently of the wrongs inflicted upon her people she sold her books of poetry at anti-slavery lectures and used the proceeds to support the Underground Railroad. In 1858, Watkins joined black male leaders in Detroit and led a large group of angry citizens in storming the jailhouse.The group try to remove from protective custody a black traitor to their cause, who had mean to expose the operations of the Underground Railroad. Despite the Fugitive Slave Law, the Underground Railroad remained the hearts blood of black resistance. Black woman abolitionists played a vital role in this work. They were often the ones who intercepted refugees who grantd them with food, clothing, shelter, health care, and spiritual and psychological comfort and who directed them to the next station. Women sometimes confronted slave catchers and kidnappers, who were often right on the heels of the fugitives. Caroline Loguen, the wife of Syracuse, New York, abolitionist the Reverend Jermain Loguen, answered many a midnight knock during her husbands usual absences. Once she and her sister successfully fought off slave catchers attempting to enter her home in pursuit of fugitives. In 1858, Anna Murray Douglass, wife of black leader Frederick Douglass, hosted outhouse cook, the famous white abolitionist, for a month. Brown was in hiding by and by having been charged with murdering pro-slavery farmers in Missouri. In the Douglass home, Brown perfected his plans for the raid on Harpers Ferry.In an 1859 meeting with Brown in Maryland just before the scandalise on Harpers Ferry, Douglass gave him ten dollars from the wife of a Brooklyn couple, the J. N. Gloucesters, who like Douglass himself were close to Brown. on with the gold, Mrs. Gloucester sent her best wishes. When Brown was captured, tried, and sentenced to death, black woman abolitionists sent money to his wife, Mary, and wrote letters expressing their deep regard for her husband. Frances Ellen Watkins also sent gifts as well as one of her poems, Bury Me in a Free Land, to Browns condemned men.During the antebellum era, black woman abolitionists moved, in keeping with the urging of the times, from quiet activism to militancy. By 1858, even Sojourner Truth, the archpacifist, recognized that war with the South was needful if black people were to obtain their freedom. Black women furthered the goal of emancipation during the courtly War by continuing their abolition work. Harriet Tubman offered her services to the Union Army. Sojourner Truth lectured throughout the Midwest, where she confronted threatening pro-slavery (so-called Copperhead) mobs.Black women organized petition campaigns to Congress and the president they sent food and clothing to the Union front lines for destitute blacks and they went into Union-occupied areas to provide education for black refugees. After the Emancipation Proclamation was signed on January 1, 1863, black women immediately began working on the next phase of their representationthe task of uplifting their race as a free people. Margaret Washington is a professor of history at Cornell University. Her publications include Sojourner Truths America (2009) and A Peculiar People Slave Religion and Community-Culture among the Gullahs (1998)